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Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by the presence of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, which stimulate inflammation. Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs can bind soluble cytokines or soluble receptors in the extracellular...

Tumor Mutational Burden, or TMB, has the potential to be used as a biomarker. It is used to measure the number of mutations found in a tumor. The mutations in a tumor lead to the derivation of neoantigens, which are proteins that result fro...

The sensation of pain often conveys that damage has occurred to tissue in the body. Pain signals follow a neural pathway from the point of damage to the spinal cord and up to the brain. However, in Central Sensitization Syndrome, the magnit...

Heart failure is the inability of the heart to provide adequate blood to the body and its organs at rest or during exercise, or at the expense of elevated filling pressure. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction or “heff-peff” is ch...

Randomized controlled clinical trials (or RCTs) are considered the gold standard for assessing the efficacy of a therapy (or intervention). The patients entering these trials have a set of clinical characteristics that are relatively homoge...