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What are biologics? Biological medicines (or biologics) are large and often complex proteins. Based on their molecular mass, biologics can be 200 to 1000 times larger than conventional chemical drugs. Conventional drugs are manufactured by...

T cells play an important role in the immune response to cancer. Activated T cells detect, bind to, and kill tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1, or PDL1, normally helps maintain immune homeostasis (and...

The allo-reactive T-cell response of acute GVHD targets three principle organs: skin, gastrointestinal tract and liver. Janus kinases, or JAKs, are intracellular signaling molecules important for immune cell regulation and the pathogenesis ...

80% of men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer will eventually develop bone metastasis. Bone is a very rich site for the development of metastasis. Circulating prostate cancer cells enter the blood vessels and travel to the bone marrow....

Angiotensin II raises blood pressure in two ways. First, angiotensin II binds to receptors on the surface of smooth muscle cells within blood vessels; the resultant vasoconstriction increases peripheral vascular resistance. Second, angioten...