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The allo-reactive T-cell response of acute GVHD targets three principle organs: skin, gastrointestinal tract and liver. Janus kinases, or JAKs, are intracellular signaling molecules important for immune cell regulation and the pathogenesis ...

80% of men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer will eventually develop bone metastasis. Bone is a very rich site for the development of metastasis. Circulating prostate cancer cells enter the blood vessels and travel to the bone marrow....

Angiotensin II raises blood pressure in two ways. First, angiotensin II binds to receptors on the surface of smooth muscle cells within blood vessels; the resultant vasoconstriction increases peripheral vascular resistance. Second, angioten...

The five dopamine receptors are organized into two classes: • D1-like, which includes D1 and D5 receptors • D2-like, which includes the D2, D3, and D4 receptors There are many subtypes of serotonin, or 5-HT, receptors. Blockade of 5-HT2A...

In clinical research, randomized controlled trials provide the best evidence for comparing different treatments. In many trials, new treatments are compared only with placebo. In the absence of direct drug comparisons, how can clinicians co...